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Or else we will be pushing China beads embroidery machines Manufacturers them further into distress. To those anthropologists fortunate enough to experience it, this second birth is akin to a Buddhist urge of consciousness, for which years of study or mere linguistic facility do not prepare one. Good academics know how to be practical and good policymakers know when they need to move out of their comfort zone and soil their hands. It is extremely necessary that we ensure that development programmes have relevance to the beneficiaries and their local context and can be profitably sustained in the local economy. Srinivas described successful ethnography as passing through several stages. The social background of this tribe is now more representative of the population. It is extremely necessary to think of policy as a live object and the beneficiaries not as functions in the system but active players and the development apparatus as a tool to engage all stakeholders. Everytime we make policies, we forget that the beneficiaries or clients have ambitions and aspirations.

It also helps overcome some of the ethical issues around such processes, including agreeing to its scale and scope, of who is involved, and who has access to the right data, and who can locally shepherd the programme, both democratically but also strategically. Sen’s "freedom" is not the freedom of libertarians — not merely freedom from interference — but the increased agency in one’s life and an increased control over one’s circumstances. The rope-making machine tued out to be defective, and while the bank officials kept promising that they would send someone to repair it, this never happened. In meetings, subordinates are upbraided, cajoled, and given orders from visitors.The idea is to use local wisdom before we involve expertise from outside. This is a global issue which should be addressed by scaling back, going local and giving project recipients ownership of the process. Unable to get the machine repaired himself, Laxman sold it for a relatively small sum and bought seven goats with the proceeds. They are not zombies.Although the data is skimpy, many of the development programmes don’t appear to have a beneficiary orientation.Throughout my early work in villages, I remained frustrated by the small scale and slow pace of change.

" The sage smiled and replied, "Give all the five items to the neediest and the one most willing to find food for others, and after his hunger and thirst are quenched, you both jointly find food for the rest. Experience suggests that a participatory process helps ensure more active engagement by local people, a greater degree of local ownership, and increased reliability and quality assurance. From the periphery and bottom comes a weaker flow of filtered information which placates and misleads. Capacity-building needs to be grafted onto pre-existing foundational values, rather than importing another’s value base. Power Distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of organisations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. The academic work is hands-on and minds-on rather than hands-off, solving real problems and at the same time leaing and understanding better how the world works.